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CONTINUE
IN THE FOOTSTEPS
of George
Washington with much
History of United States
from the arbitrary domination from across the Atlantic Ocean,
with apologies to our present North Atlantic Allies.
READ
Battles of the Indian Wars East of the
Mississippi and
The
2nd
WAR of
INDEPENDENCE
Westward-ho! ... 1800 ...
1812 ... 1813 ...1814 ... 1815 ... Zebulon Pike
... 2nd National Anthem
There are external links
along the way for photos and battle details.
1800 About 1000 slaves revolted
near Richmond, VA. They were hanged in October.
The Treaty of
Morfontaine ended naval war with France.
Spain returned the Louisiana
Territory to
France.
1801 The electoral college gave a
tie-vote. Congress then voted Thomas Jefferson as President and Aaron
Burr as Vice President.
Robert
Morris, one of the main financiers of
the War of Independence was released from debtor's prison. His holdings
were in land, shipping, banking and tobacco trade.
Congress freed him with the Bankruptcy Act of 1800.
The United States schooner Enterprise captured the corsair Tripoli; the masts were chopped down and the Tripoli's cannons were
"deep sixed."
1802 West Point, NY became the U.S. Military
Academy.
Robert Livingston approached Bonaparte to suggest a purchase of Louisiana
lands.
Martha Washington died on May 2 at age 70.
Slaves
rebelled in North Carolina and Virginia.
1803
The vast Louisiana Territory was purchased by James Monroe (sent by
Jefferson) for about 20,000 Francs ($15,000,000).
Ohio became the 17th state.
Jefferson sent his friend, Lewis, to put together an expedition to look for a
passage to the Pacific Ocean through the Louisiana Territory. He joined with
Captain William Clark and a crew to set out on the exploration-study up the Missouri
River.
1804
Clinton became Vice President (George
Clinton). Jefferson was elected for a second term as President.
Aaron Burr killed
Alexander Hamilton in a duel at Weehawken, NJ.
Many slaves were arrested in
Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia for rebellion.
In February and September, the US fleet engaged in
battles near
Tripoli. Steven Decatur burnt the ship "Philadelphia" at night; it had been
captured earlier by Tripolitans.
1805 The Pasha at Tripoli signed a Treaty
and released Captain Bainbridge and over 300 Americans - after Hamet Karamanli, the Pasha's
brother, was made a threat to the Pasha.
Aaron Burr and General James Wilkinson
were apparently involved in a plan for a separate country based in
Louisiana. Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean.
1806
A party of about 40 under Captain Richard Sparks
left Nachez to map and explore to the headwaters of the Red River, which was near the
Spanish lands not purchased from Bonaparte.
Lieutenant
Zebulon Pike had
just returned from an exploration toward the headwaters of the Mississippi River - and
border policing with Indian treaties. He was assigned the task of returning
friendly Osage Indians to their homes west of St. Louis.
Pike attempted peace negotiations with Pawnee
Indians on the southern Nebraska border. He avoided a Spanish army
foray.
He discovered the beautiful Grand Peak (now named
Pike's Peak)
- but did not climb it.
Pike's men suffered greatly in winter storms in the high
mountains near Leadville, Colorado - to discover the headwaters of the Arkansas (and South
Platte) Rivers.
Some of his men were
in pain with frostbitten toes as he left them
with supplies. He ventured south toward Santa Fe to seek help. [
See 1812 and 1813 - Pike
died a war hero ].
1807 The Royal
Navy ship Leopard forced a search by
boarding the United States Navy ship
Chesapeake. Four American crew-members were removed from their ship, 21 were killed.
Aaron Burr
was tried and acquitted for
treason by a Federal Circuit Court. ...
1808
The United States government moved Cherokee
Indians, who had clashed with frontiersmen in Arkansas and Tennessee.
Osage
Indians
ceded lands between the Arkansas and Missouri Rivers west of the Mississippi
River.
James Madison was elected President
- with George Clinton
as vice-president. Dolly Madison had already had experience in the
White House as Jefferson's hostess.
1809
Some Indian tribes began to cede lands in exchange for
western lands. Chief Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet, began to
organize a confederation of tribes to resist sale and exchange of American Indian lands.
1810
The British had been active in the Sandwich Islands
(Hawaiian Islands). With their help, the islands were finally united under one
giant king, Ka me ha me ha.
In Indiana Territory, battles were
fought by Indian tribes under Shawnee Chief Tecumseh.
========================================
1811
The American warship, President, won a nighttime duel against a small British sloop, Little Belt.
General
William Henry Harrison routed a large number of American Shawnee Indians at the
Battle of Tippecanoe at Prophet's Town near Tippecanoe Creek, Indiana Territory.
Shawnee Chief Tecumseh would meet with the Canadian Governor the following year.
Near LaFayette, Indiana, American Indians using British guns, had attacked
a United States army group. Thus, aggressive American settlers in the west
desired an invasion of Canada to force the British from North America.
Battles of the 2nd War of Independence
1812
June 18, 1812, A
declaration of war by the
United States was voted against Britain.
The United States attempted to
invade Canada from Detroit, Niagara and Lake Champlain. On October 13, 1812, at
The Battle of Queenston Heights, Canada on the Niagara River, the British captured of United Stated forces.
American General William Hull with about 2,000 men were driven from Canada
- back
into Detroit and were captured by
British General Sir Isaac Brock. Fort
Dearborn and Michilimacinac were captured by British and Indians.
Officer Zebulon Pike
[who six years before, merely saw the
Grand Peak, which was later known as
14,110-foot-high Pike's Peak
] will be remembered as the hero of the Louisiana
Purchase-related "central discovery trek" to the Rocky
Mountains. Then he and his men suffered greatly, were captured by
Spanish soldiers and were taken to Mexico. This
almost forgotten adventure by Pike followed the trek by Lewis &
Clark's team. His adventures in 1812 and 1813 should be remembered - for
he died a hero.
In November of 1812, Pike and about 600 regular troops marched toward
Montreal from Plattsburg,
NY. At La Cole Mill they joined in battle.
However, Pike's men did not realize that other men of the
"New York Militia" had already occupied the mill; about fifty men were
injured. Pike's militia would not continue into Canada to fight at Montreal,
he found it necessary to withdraw to Plattsburg.
American ships, Essex
(defeated Alert), Constitution
(defeated Guerriere),
United States
(vs HMS
Macedonia),
Wasp, and Hornet
(vs Peacock)
won each engagement with superior marksmanship against smaller foes - in a
single-ship strategy.
Again,
Zebulon Pike should be
remembered as one of our "greats." An explorer, he was one
of those who sought the "northwest passage" or "documentation of our
wilderness."
Here is a summary of
Pike's life:
He was in a
class with these men the following persons -
Cabeza De Vaca,
who in the 1520s
and 30s sailed from Cuba and Florida and was shipwrecked. He was a slave to American
Indians near Galveston, and treked across Mexico to the Gulf of California - then to the
Pacific;
Henry Hudson - who died in 1611
after being set adrift in Hudson Bay by his crew (did he freeze to death? Did
he survive and wed an American Indian and leave children?)
Alexander Mackenzie
- who went
north to the Arctic Ocean and then west to the Pacific Ocean via the Peace and other
Rivers, and back again - in 1793-4;
Lewis and Clark and crew, who
were sent to explore the northern route along the Missouri River to the
Pacific and back again - in 1804,
1805 and 1806;
And, yes, Zebulon Pike who was
born (in either Allamatuck [Somerset County, NJ] or Lamberton
[now part of Trenton] on January 5, 1779.
In August
1805, Pike was sent on
a slow, rugged and cold trip, with 20 men, to search for the headwaters of the
Mississippi River - and to negotiate peace treaties with the natives of the lands
covered by the Louisiana Territory purchase.
Part of his task to
American Indians was to tell them of the legal claim of the United States
to the area. They had been trading with and developing close links to
British traders, who operated under British flags on United States land;
frontiersmen resented the intrusions.
[Other causes of the War of
1812 were: British port-blockades
and British demands to have shipments destined for France, go first through British
ports. Also, there was the issue of British impressment of United States
seamen].
Pike recommended military posts and
government agents for the fur trade for the area along the upper Mississippi
River.
After reaching near the headwaters and
returning to St. Louis in 1806, Pike was assigned to be the first to
explore and document the routes to the headwaters of the Arkansas River and Red
River - far west - into the Rocky Mountains, with 23 men.
The Red River
was near the new and disputed border between Spanish Texas territory and
United States territory.
Read the book, Zebulon Pike: The Life and Times
of an Adventurer, for his journeys to Osage camps, Pawnee camps and
confrontation with the Spanish on the high plains.
He and some of his men reached
the Rocky Mountains. Pike and others on his team climbed Miller or Cheyenne mountain, but not the mountain named for Pike.
Pike called that mountain "the Grand Peak."
Men froze, lost bones in their
feet - one was murdered. They discovered the headwaters of the South
Platte River and the Arkansas River, but paid a high price in
suffering and were entrapped in canyons and flirted with death. Thinking that they were at the Red River they
trespassed into the Spanish Territory of the upper Rio Grand River area. The Spanish
asked them to give their excuses to the Spanish authorities at Santa
Fe. They were put under a semi-friendly "house arrest".
Those Santa Fe authorities sent them "way south" into Mexico to
plead their innocence. Pike hid some of his notes on terrain - in gun barrels.
After about a year, on July 1, 1807, he and his men was freed at the Texas-Louisiana border on.
Pike and General
James Wilkinson (a paid Spanish spy - and the top U.S. General, who had also been
involved in the Conway Cabal against George Washington) were tried and freed of
the accusations for involvement with Aaron Burr in treasonous activity in the Southwest.
1813
.
The British defeated a
United States army near Detroit, at Frenchtown
on
the Raisin River.
April 27, 1813, at the
Battle of York, now Toronto, Canada,
Brig. General Zebulon Pike saw victory, but a
magazine explosion set off by the British, caused a fatal back injury to Pike. Zebulon
was carried on board a ship and given the enemy flag before he
died a hero.
The War of 1812 ties together the
stories of hero Zeb Pike , Pikes Peak and Katherine Bates. A flick of
the presidential pen could honor Pike with a post humorous award.
Another flick of the pen could honor Katherine with a naming of her poem
(later song) as a second national anthem!
My nephew, Michael T.
Collins suggested that "America the Beautiful."
should
be a 2nd national anthem. Here
is why:
It was written in 1893 as a poem by
Katherine Lee Bates from atop Pike's Peak!
She published it in 1911; it was set to the tune
"Materna" written by Samuel Augustus Ward (in 1882).
Look for a wonderfully
illustrated book entitled Purple Mountains
Majesties by Barbara Younger. My grandfather, who lived
with a view of Pike's Peak, had neighbors named Younger, Hmmm !
Both national anthems
would, thus
relate to the 2nd War of Independence,
the War of 1812.
Words of the 2nd National
Anthem
"America the Beautiful
"
written from the summit of PIKE'S PEAK
By Katherine Lee Bates ==>
"O beau-ti-ful for spa-cious
skies, For am-ber waves of grain; For pur-ple moun-tain maj-es-ties
A-bove the fruit-ed plain!
A-mer-i-ca! A-mer-i-ca! God shed His grace on thee, And crown thy good with broth-er-hood
From sea to shin-ing sea!
O beau-ti-ful for pil-grim feet,
Whose stern, im-pas sioned stress A thor-ough-fare for free-dom beat A-cross the
wil-der-ness!
A-mer-ica! A-mer-i-ca! God mend thine ev-'ry flaw, Con-firm thy soul in self-con-trol, Thy
lib-er-ty in law!
O beau-ti-ful for he-roes proved In
lib-er-at-ing strife, Who more than self their coun-try loved, And mer-cy more than life!
A-mer-i-ca! A-mer-i-ca! May God thy gold re-fine Till all suc-cess be no-ble-ness, And
ev-'ry gain di-vine!
O beau-ti-ful for pa-triot dream That
sees be-yond the years Thine al-a-bas-ter cit-ies gleam Un-dimmed by hu-man tears!
A-mer-i-ca! A-mer-i-ca! God shed His grace on thee, And crown thy good with broth-er-hood
From sea to shin-ing sea! "
Many people do not know that upon
hearing of Zebulon's death, the United States victors burned
the Parliament Building of Upper Canada ("up the
St. Lawrence River," that is).
[On August 14, 1814, the White
House and Capitol buildings in Washington, DC were burned by
the British].
On May 9, 1813, a siege at Fort Meigs, Ohio was eased
with reinforcements by United States soldiers; however, British Major General Procter
later in the year, reversed
the situation, killing about 150 Americans and taking about 500 prisoner.
On May 27
at
at Fort George, Ontario, Commodore Perry's amphibious forces landed
Colonel Winfield
Scott's Americans. The American victory caused
completion of evacuation by the British of Fort Niagara, Fort Erie and Fort George - it
then gave the United States control over
Lake Ontario.
September 10, 1813, The Battle of Lake Erie
was won by forces under United States Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry. The
British fleet on the Lake was destroyed, and they gave up Detroit and much of
Michigan.
General William Henry Harrison took his army into Canada and pursued
the retreating British.
On October 5, 1813, The
Battle of the Thames River at the Indian village at Moraviantown, Canada was won by
the United States forces. General James Wilkinson and General Wade Hampton
failed in an attempt to take Montreal.
They retreated into New York state.
British troops under Colonel
Morrison defeated about three times their numbers of U.S. Troops under General John Parke
Boyd at Chrysler's Farm, Canada.
Andrew Jackson and General John Coffee had successes in the
Gulf of Mexico region.
British ships blockaded Long Island Sound.
Fort George was captured.
The USS President defeated
British vessels.
Fort Stephenson was
defended.
At Boston, the British frigate
Shammon defeated the United States frigate
Chesapeake. Captain James Lawrence pleaded,
"Don't give up the ship."
1814
More than 40 British vessels in the South Pacific were captured by the United
States Frigate Essex.
Later, at Valparaiso, Mexico, the Essex was
captured.
The United
States sloop Peacock captured the British brig
Epervier - loaded with gold and silver - near Havana,
Cuba.
In 1814, Napoleon had been
defeated in Europe, thus freeing 15,000 British troops to fight in America.
This gave the Americans a strong motive to negotiate an end to the 2nd War of
Independence.
The Creek Indians attacked
Fort Mims.
In the south, on March 27 at Horseshoe Bend on the Tallapoosa River, the Creek Indians were defeated.
In the north, in July, the Shawnee, Seneca, Miami, Wyandot and Delaware Indians
agreed to make war on the British.
In July, an improved United States army crossed the
Niagara River, near Buffalo, and
defeated the British at the Battle of
Chippewa, but then lost at the Battle at Lundy's lane. They
retreated to the south side of Lake Erie, after holding Fort Erie in Canada for part of
the year. Canada would no longer be invaded by the United States in this
war.
In August, the Creek Indians
signed a
treaty, which gave up about half of their lands in Mississippi and Georgia.
The USS Enterprise battled
the HMS Boxer.
On August 24, 1814, Washington, DC was invaded
and occupied by the British army under General Robert Ross after the
Battle of Bladensburg Bridge.
They had been landed from ships on Chesapeake Bay.
The
White House and Capitol building were burned. The British may have thought of the
1813 burning of Parliament at York, Canada.
Dolley
Madison retrieved the original Declaration of Independence and a painting of
George Washington by Gilbert Stuart - as she escaped from the White House.
The British army and navy were
driven back at the Battle at Baltimore.
It was there that the brilliant scene of rockets in the sky
had inspired the poem about the
Star Spangled Banner
The USA's 1st national
anthem.
O say can you see, by the dawn's early light
What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming.
Whose broad stripes and bright stars,
through the
clouds of the fight,
O'er the ramparts we watch'd were so gallently streaming?
And the rockets' red glare --- the bombs bursting in
air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there?
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave?
Some people have
never seen the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th stanzas ...
On that shore, dimly seen through
the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that, which the breeze, o'er the towering steep
As it fitfully blows, half conseals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam --- of the morning's first
beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines in the stream,
'Tis the star-spangled banner --- O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave!
And where are the foes that so
vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war & the battle's confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footstep's pollution.
No refuse could save --- the hireling & slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave,
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave.
O thus be it ever! When
freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes & the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry & peace, may the heav'n-rescued
land
Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must --- when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto -- "In God is our
trust" ---
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave.
written by Francis Scott Key in sight of Fort McHenry.
On September 11, 1814, The Battle of Lake Champlain was won by the Americans, when the British fleet of
four ships and about 12
rowing galleys surrendered there. British General Sir George Prevost's army
had had designs upon Plattsburg, NY before the defeat.
General Andrew Jackson
captured Pensacola, Florida.
Before Christmas, he and about 2,000 men, stopped the British at
Lake Borgne near New Orleans.
...
1815
On January 8, 1815, the
Battle of New Orleans was won by the American forces under Andrew
Jackson, with the help of pirates Jean, Pierre and Dominique LaFitte
from Barataria, south of New Orleans.
The Wasp fought the
Bacchus.
After January 8, the news
arrived that the peace treaty with the
United States had been signed on December 24, 1814 in
Ghent, Belgium.
On June 18, 1815, at Waterloo,
Belgium, Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the allies under Prussian
Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher and Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington.
George III, though with mental
problems, must have gloried in his victories toward a larger British Empire.
INDEPENDENCE WARS
========================================
YEARS-
TOTAL | C A S U A L T
Y . . . . . .T O T A L S . . . From the World
Almanac..
1775-1783 ==>
__33,769 | Battle Deaths 6,824 ... Other
Deaths 18,500 | Non-Mortal Wounds 8,445
1812-1815 ==>___ 6,765 |
Battle Deaths 2,260 ... Other Deaths .????? |
Non-Mortal Wounds 4,505
========================================
CIVIL WAR
YEARS . . . TOTAL
| C A S U A L T Y .
. . .
. .T O T A L S . . . From the World Almanac .....
Union 1861-1865 ==>
646,392 | Battle Deaths 140,414 Other
Deaths 224,097 |
Non-Mortal Wounds 281,881
Confederate
==> 133,821 | Battle Deaths
74,524 Other Deaths .59,297 |
Non-Mortal Wounds ???
========================================
The "forgotten war" against North Korean Aggression ...
Dead ==> ... ...
... USA __54,246 ... UN
628,833 ... North
Korea & China ... ? ?
Missing ==> ... ... ... USA ___8,177 ... UN
470,267 ... ... ...
" ? ?
Wounded ==> ... ... USA _103,284 ... UN
1,064,453 ... ... ... "
? ?
Captured ==> ... ... USA ___7,140 ... UN
92,070 ... ... ... "
? ?
Missing ==> ... ... ... USA ___8,177 ... UN
470,267 ... ... ...
" ? ?
Wounded ==> ... ... USA _103,284 ... UN
1,064,453 ... ... ... "
? ?
Captured ==> ... ... USA ___7,140 ... UN
92,070 ... ... ... "
? ?
========================================
Mars vs Venus
Love goes out to so many Mothers through the
centuries, who experienced pain of birth and risk of their own
lives to give
life and to dearly nurture and love their sons and
daughters, who have later been called-up or volunteered
to serve at war stations, nursing or rescue operations - to defend ideals or lives of
their loved ones !
In recent
years, since 1945, many people have begun to hope and
work toward avoiding major conflicts.
On the individual level, we can try to avoid hype or propaganda which causes us to go to
extremes. Hype may teach us to "name call and be intolerant" or cause us to
demonize
other semi-good human beings.
Avoiding such extremes can help the leaders in the world
work-out problems ! Let's hope that some potential battles
in the future would be eclipsed with "mercy operations
and rescue Operations" .
It has been said that "prevention often starts at
home".
...
========================================
It is satisfying to live in a country that purchased a huge part
of its land ... of course, there have been severe abuses, too ...
Here is a list of other Military
Actions, with mention of "year of action" - mostly
defensive or punitive actions. "Year overlap" is indicated by bold
lettering as year 00 to show need for a two-war strategy.
Mercy or Rescue
Operations are indicated in purple. I hope to compile a list of human
rescue operations not yet listed here)
BARBARY 1815
| MARQUISES ISLANDS 1814 | WEST INDIES 1822-25 |
SUMATRA 1832 | TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1835-36 | MEXICAN
WAR 1846-48 | CHINA 1854-59 | FIJI
1855 | CORTINA WAR ON THE TEXAS BORDER 1859-60 | CIVIL
WAR 1861-65 | JAPAN 1863 |
FORMOSA 1867 | AMERICAN INDIANS last half of 1900s
| MEXICO 1870 | KOREA 1871 | SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
1898 | SAMOA 1899 | PHILIPPINE WAR
1899-1902 | CHINA BOXER REBELLION 1900 |
MORO CAMPAIGNS 1902-1906,
1913 | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1904 | MEXICAN
BORDER 1911-19 | NICARAGUA 1912 | VERA
CRUZ 1914 | HAITI 1915-20 | MEXICAN
PUNITIVE EXPEDITION 1916 | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916-22
| WORLD WAR I 1917-18 | NORTH RUSSIA
EXPEDITION 1918-19 | SIBERIA EXPEDITION
1918-20 | Russian food
distribution (Hoover) ... | YANGTZE
SERVICE, CHINA 1921-41 | NICARAGUA 1927-32 | NORTH
ATLANTIC NAVAL WAR 1941 | WORLD WAR II
1941-45 | TRIESTE, ITALY 1945-47 | CHINA CIVIL
WAR 1945-47 |
COLD WAR
1946-85
| Berlin Air Lift 1948-49 | KOREAN WAR (police action)
1950-53 | Hospital ship
"Hope" | Greek Isles Earthquakes 1953
** *1
| QUEMOY AND MATSU 1954 | Honduras - Hurricane Gilda 1954
** *2 | DMZ 1955-79
| LEBANON 1958 | BAY OF PIGS | LAOS 1961-62
| VIETNAM WAR 1961-75 | CUBA
1962 | PANAMA CANAL RIOTS 1964 | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1965-66
| KOREA 1966-69 | USS LIBERTY off ISRAEL 1967 | MAYAGUEZ,
CAMBODIA INCIDENT 1975 | IRAN 1980 | TERRORISM,
SERVICE PERSONNEL 1980-91 | LEBANON 1982-84
| GRENADA 1983 | EL SALVADOR 1983-91 |
HONDURAS 1984-89 | LIBYA 1986 | USS STARK,
PERSIAN GULF 1987 | PANAMA 1989-90 |
PERSIAN
GULF DESERT STORM 1990-91 | HAITI ... |
Somalia ... | BOSNIA ... |
Rwanda ... | KOSOVO ... | DESERT FOX ... |
Central-American - Hurricane Mitch 1998-99 |
IRAQ ... etc.
** * 1
I was there in 1953 ... with
US NAVY Squadron VR-24, which flew Greek Isles
earthquake-victims as patients to hospitals in Naples,
** *
2
I was on the light aircraft
carrier in 1954, the USS MONTEREY
CVL-26. We
brought medicines and
helicopter-rescues to Honduras after Hurricane Gilda.
President Ford served on
the USS Monterey in WWII; it
was set on fire during Typhoon Cobra south of Japan in 1944 with heavy loss of men
and airplanes.
Other ships in that fleet later saw similar chaos during Typhoon Viper.
If you
appreciate this work in telling the stories of Immigrant
efforts for Independence, please TELL YOUR FRIENDS and History Buffs.
Westward-ho!
... 1800 ... 1812 ... 1813 ...1814 ... 1815 ...
Zebulon Pike ...
2nd National Anthem
THANK
YOU courageous early
soldiers,
sailors, and marines for our independence from arbitrary foreign control
without representation!
===============================================================
Acknowledgements
Thanks !
#1775, #1776, #1777, #1778, #1779, #1780, #1781,
#1782, #1783, etc.
Westward-ho! ...
Continue module ==> 1800 ... 1812
... 1813 ...1814 ... 1815
... Zebulon Pike ... 2nd
National Anthem
(c) Copyrighted 1998-August, 2007
-etc., by Tom
j. Collins, for this site and the elements.
He does not endorse or control third party Web Site(s) contents. Images,
other than by T. Collins, are the (c) of their representative
owners. Permission from T. Collins is required via the site's guest book
for links with this site or elements thereof, except access by popular and
public Search Engines.
This
page was l a s t u p d a t e d by Morristown
. org and
Revwar . org
God
Bless America
T. Collins in NJ, USA on 08/05/07 10:32 AM
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